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| 1497 |
| | | Henry VII commissions the Italian navigator John Cabot to cross the Atlantic in search of new territories for England | |
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| 1497 |
| | | John Cabot, searching for a trade route to China, probably reaches Newfoundland | |
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| 1534 |
| | | French explorer Jacques Cartier charts the Gulf of St Lawrence and, in 1525, explores up the river as far as Montreal | |
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| 1535 |
| | | Cartier, welcomed by the Huron Indians, gives their island in the St Lawrence river the name of Montreal | |
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| 1583 |
| | | Humphrey Gilbert claims Newfoundland on behalf of England's queen Elizabeth | |
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| 1608 |
| | | Quebec is founded by Samuel de Champlain as a centre for the French fur trade | |
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| 1611 |
| | | Henry Hudson, after wintering in Hudson Bay, is set adrift in an open boat by his mutinous crew | |
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| 1660 |
| | | Louis XIV grants New France the status of a royal province and greatly increases the flow of colonists to north America | |
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| 1668 |
| | | The Jesuits establish a mission at Sault Sainte Marie which becomes the starting point for French exploration south of the Great Lakes | |
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| 1745 |
| | | New England militiamen achieve an unexpected success in capturing the fortress of Louisbourg from the French | |
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